Ozone Generator Characteristics

Ozone gas is now-a-days used for treatment of drinking water, disinfection, and air-purification. What one re- quires is a small and handy unit to be plugged into mains to get ozonated air at suitable pressure flowing out from a tube It can then be let into environment or bubbled through water or any other polluted liquid. But the gadget must be completely safe to work with.

Ozone generators invariably make use of a discharge tube to which a high electric field is applied so as to break down the oxygen present in the air. This phenomenon occurs at or near a field strength of 25 kV/cm, and the resulting discharge that takes place is known as corona. The corona has a light bluish glow. It is in this corona field that oxygen becomes ozone (O3).

Ozone has tendency to revert back to its original form in about 10-20 minutes, in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is necessary in any ozone application to generate ozone as and when requied for use since it cannot be kept stored the way chlorine is stored (in cylinders). Chlorine is used in our cities to disinfect drinking water supply. It is highly carcinogenic because when it comes into contact with remnants of pesticides in our foodstuff (vegetables), it generathalomethanes, which are carcinogenic. That is why, ozone is used today in preference to chlorine.  Complete disinfection of water, in any impure form, is realised with an ozone content of 4 mg/litre.

Advantages Of ZigBee

Though development of Zibee standards is still under progress, there are lot many applications for ZigBee due to their some good advantages. Zigbee is mostly used in Home automation systems and control.

Here's some advantages of ZigBee

1. Chip-vendor independence
2. Rapid innovation
3. Extremely Low cost
4. Open standards enable markets
5. Easy to deploy
6. Excellent performance in environments with low signal-to-noise ratio
7. Appropriate range of operation (30 - 100 meters)
8. Appropriate and reliable data transfer, bit rate : 250kbps at 2.4 GHz
9. Very low power consumption
10. Secure data transfer
11. Zigbee protocol needs less than 64 kb of ROM and 2-32 kb of RAM
12. Zigbee can bee implemented with any type of microcontroller

gpsim - Open source simulator for Microchip PIC

gpsim is an open source simulator for Microchip's PIC microcontrolers. It supports all the three families of PICs. 12-bit, 14-bit, and 16-bit cores. The gnupic gpsim is distributed under the GNU General Public License. This software let you test the code for a microcontroller without using the real microcontroller by saving time and cost.

Distributor : Being free and open source, this software can be downloaded freely from the website of the software.

Home page : gpsim.sourceforge.net

Reading Datasheets Of Electronic Devices

Most of the present-day electronics designers and application engineers do not find it necessary to look beyond the first page of the datasheets of the electronic components or devices while selecting one for their application. They consider the knowledge of a few major specifications of the device sufficient for the design exercise that they wish to undertake. Though it may be adequate in some cases, the design where the components are chosen without giving due consideration to the information contained in the datasheet may not be the optimal one.

The datasheet of a device reveals its true character and hence its suitability for a given application. In addition to listing down the device parameters, it gives the electrical and environmental conditions at which these parameters have been measured and also contains information on variation of important parameters as a function of other relevant electrical and environmental parameters. It is vital information particularly when you are designing a circuit or a module that has to qualify stringent environment standards. A comprehensive datasheet almost invariably includes application circuits recommended by the manufacturer.

Nokia RTTL Frequencies (Hz)

Here's the Ring Tone Transfer Language (RTTL) for Nokia mobile phone for Octave 4 to Octave 7. RTTTL is a simple text-based format that you can use to create ring tones.to play music, all you need to do is to get the RTTTL ring tone of the particular music, then read its note and generate the frequency for the calculated duration.

No.		Octave=4	Octave=5	Octave=6	Octave=7
1	A	220.000	440.000	880.000	1,760.000
2	A#	233.082	466.164	932.328	1,864.655
3	B	246.942	493.883	987.767	1,975.533
4	C	261.626	523.251	1,046.502	2,093.005
5	C#	277.183	554.365	1,108.731	2,217.461
6	D	293.665	587.330	1,174.659	2,349.318
7	D#	311.127	622.254	1,244.508	2,489.016
8	E	329.628	659.255	1,318.510	2,637.020
9	F	349.228	698.456	1,396.913	2,793.826
10	F#	369.994	739.989	1,479.978	2,959.955
11	G	391.995	783.991	1,567.982	3,135.963
12	G#	415.305	830.609	1,661.219	3,322.438

Flexible Circuits - Advantages and Applications

Flexible electronics is a technology for assembling electronic circuits by mounting electronic devices on flexible high performance plastic substrates, such as polyimide. This post is about flexible electronics circuits advantages of flexible boards, and its emerging applications.

Disadvantages Of HDTV

In the previous post, we discussed about HDTV and its advantages. But there are some issues - disadvantages with HDTV.

• To be able to receive HD content, you need to have an HD-ready TV set or TV set with built-in HDTV tuner, which is comparatively expensive. Also, traditional SD programmes originally filmed in the standard 4:3 ratio, when seen on an HDTV monitor, will have empty margins to the left and right of the image because 16:9 wide-screen aspect ratio is the standard for digital HDTV. You can choose to fill this unused display area by stretching the SD shows horizontally to fill the screen, but this will only distort the image.

• Normally, the HDTV transmission is provided through satellite and the same may not be available on free basis. In such a case, you may be required to subscribe to HDTV with the service provider.

• HDMI, or component video cables, must be used to support high-definition signals. HDMI is an all-digital connection that allows both HD audio and video to pass through a single cable. If you use older video cabling standards like com-posite or S-Video for connections from a cable box or satellite dish, you will get only an SDTV-quality picture.

• Another drawback of HDTV is that most of the operators do not fully follow HDTV specifications. So the HD picture quality is usually not as good as promised. Operators tend to use slower bitrates or lower resolution to accommodate more channels within the limited bandwidth, which reduces the video quality.

• While on an analogue TV, the interference causes the picture to slowly deteriorate from bad to worse,
  interference in HDTV broadcast will freeze, skip, or display ‘garbage’ information.